Multi-level
marketing is a strategy that some direct sales companies use to encourage their
existing distributors to recruit new distributors by paying the existing
distributors a percentage of their recruits' sales; the recruits are known as a
distributor's "down-line." All distributors also make money through
direct sales of products to customers. Amway is an example of a well-known
direct-sales company that uses multi-level marketing.
Multi-level
marketing is a legitimate business strategy, though it is controversial. One
problem is pyramid schemes, which use money from new recruits to pay the people
at the top, often take advantage of people by pretending to be engaged in
legitimate multi-level marketing. Pyramid schemes can sometimes be spotted by
their greater focus on recruitment than on product sales.
An issue in
determining the legitimacy of a multi-level marketing company is whether its
products are sold primarily to consumers or to its members who must recruit new
members to buy their products. If it is the former, the company is deemed a
legitimate multi-level marketer. If it is the latter, it could be operating a
pyramid scheme, which is illegal. According to industry data, there are 90
million members worldwide, but relatively few earn meaningful income from their
efforts. To some observers, that reflects the characteristics of a pyramid
scheme.
An example of
a high profile multi-level marketing company to defend its practices
is Herbalife Ltd., a manufacturer and distributor of weight-loss and
nutritional products with more than 500,000 distributors. Although the FTC had
been investigating Herbalife, it was activist investor William
Ackman who shed a national spotlight on the company by shorting $1 billion of
the company’s stock in 2013. Ackman accused the company of operating a pyramid
scheme and backed his allegations with a bet the company’s stock price would
fall under the weight of the scam.
Although
MLM is most commonly associated with direct-selling distributorships and/or
party planning companies, some major financial/insurance companies also employ
this strategy, including Primerica and World Financial Group (WFG). Although
party plan consultants will certainly gain valuable grass-roots marketing
experience, the college-educated marketer will seek positions within these
larger financial companies, or at the corporate level of an MLM company. Because
of its relational aspect, the products usually involved, and the gender of the
consultants themselves, women are the predominant target for MLM strategies.
However, the gender proportion shifts significantly in the case of financial
and/or insurance companies. When it’s time to develop a financial portfolio or
consider a term life-insurance policy, it’s usually a joint decision made by
husband and wife, or by the head of the household regardless of gender.
In terms of
economic background, MLM customers profile according to the products or
services being offered, but generally trend toward a middle-class audience.
Most people can afford to purchase Tupperware or Mary Kay, and may want attend
a party to check out the products regardless.
However, a
Pampered Chef demonstration or Creative Memories scrapbooking party (which
often requires a fee for basic supplies) will appeal to demographics with a
more disposable money, but not an audience with luxury tastes.
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